A binary image compression apparatus and method are disclosed. Adaptive 578 × 208; 4 KB. A DCT(Discrete … PURPOSE: A moving image coding system for a mobile communication terminal is provided to decide only whether a motion is created by using a pixel value of a boundary portion, and to decide an intra mode and an inter mode, thereby removing an unnecessary procedure for obtaining a motion vector. 이 방법은, 부호화된 비트 스트림을 수신하고, 수신된 부호화된 비트 스트림의 일부 비트로 이루어진 코드워드의 각 비트들에 기반하여 인덱스 정보를 구하고, 상기 인덱스 정보에 대응하는 검색 테이블의 엔트리에 액세싱하고, 액세싱한 엔트리의 . 문제는 다음과 같다. 468 × 409; 37 KB. 허프만 알고리즘 (Huffman's Algorithm)은 허프만 코드에 해당하는 이진트리를 구축하는 그리디 알고리즘 이다. 허프만 부호화, 허프만 압축, 허프만 알고리즘등으로 불리우는 이 알고리즘은 문자들의 빈도수에 따라 서로 … A method and apparatus for encoding and decoding an audio / speech signal are provided. The multimedia processor according to the present invention performs a Huffman coding based on a first frame and a frame on which noise removal filtering is performed on the first frame. 이를 위해, 정보량을 저감시키지 않은 제1 영상 신호와 정보량을 저감시킨 제2 영상 신호 중 어느 하나를 발생 부호량의 적산값에 따라 선택하여 출력하도록 구성된 부호화 . Any particular compression is either lossy or lossless. Specifically, the present invention relates to spatial spatial coding in SAC-based encoding of multichannel audio signals.
A lossless decoding method may include the steps of: determining the coding scheme of … 2023 · Media in category "Huffman coding". In the present invention, the design of the Huffman table can be performed offline using a large input sequence database. 1. A method of encoding a multi-channel audio signal, the method comprising: measuring a level difference (CLD) value between channels among a plurality of channels among a plurality of channels, dividing … According to the present invention as described above, when processing multimedia data, the AC coefficient is represented when Huffman encoding the multimedia data while improving the security of the multimedia data by changing the AC coefficient based on the encryption key. There is provided an apparatus for encoding input data, the apparatus comprising: a context analyzer for analyzing correlation between input data and samples of data represented by binary symbols to determine a … PURPOSE: An energy lossless encoding method and a device, an audio encoding method and a device, an energy lossless decoding method and a device, and an audio decoding method and a device are provided to reduce the number of bits used in the encoding by encoding an infinite extent quantization coefficient with a Huffman encoding method as … PURPOSE: A broadcasting receiving apparatus and a method for transmitting/receiving a graphic image signal of the broadcasting receiving apparatus are provided to efficiently transceive a graphic image signal between a host processor and a video processor in the broadcasting receiving apparatus. In order to reduce storage space and improve transmission efficiency in PACS (Picture Archiving & Communication System) and telemedicine, the medical image which is lossless compression (DPCM) of diseased image and lossy compression (Fractal) image of diseased image in medical image A differential compression method of is disclosed.
The present invention relates to a method and device for processing an audio signal and, more particularly, to a method and device for decoding an audio signal by using addition and subtraction signals in an extended form with respect to audio signals of two or more channels received through a communication signal. 허프만 코드 (이진코드)는 Unix에서 … A lossless coding/decoding apparatus and method of audio signal are provided to improve the performance of an audio encoder by compressing audio signal into a bit string having a less bit number at the same coding distortion. 1952년, 박사과정 학생 … PURPOSE: A motion vector encoding and decoding device and an encoding and decoding method thereof are provided to reduce the number of encoding times and traffic by performing combination encoding suitable for a motion degree of a motion vector.1 압축 알고리즘 데이터 압축은 데이터를 더 적은 공간에 효율적으로 전송, 저장하기 위한 기술이다. CONSTITUTION: A B-conversion unit(110) converts uniform distribution data to binary symbol.를 반성해 보고자 풀이를 정리한다.
짱구 Hentainbi The set of vectors is divided into blocks called macroblocks. 서론 산술 부호화(Arithmetic Coding)에 대해 설명하고 예제 메시지를 부호, 복호화 방법에 대해 설명한다. 13:44. A compressor of the present invention comprises: a calculation unit configured to receive image data indicating pixel values of a plurality of pixels and to calculate compression ratios of … PURPOSE: An apparatus for generating level value of a run length coder is provided to simplify hardware by processing pixel data input to one system clock in a pair by using a clock faster than the system clock twice more by one pixel, thereby reducing the manufacturing cost. 만약 문자가 10개면 10바이트나 차지하게 된다. Currently used binary image coding includes a run-length code and a chain code, and the image itself is transformed into another type of information … KR20040051710A KR1020020078669A KR20020078669A KR20040051710A KR 20040051710 A KR20040051710 A KR 20040051710A KR 1020020078669 A KR1020020078669 A KR 1020020078669A KR 20020078669 A KR20020078669 A KR 20020078669A KR 20040051710 A KR20040051710 A KR 20040051710A Authority KR … The lossless encoding method includes: selecting one of a first encoding method and a second encoding method based on a range in which a quantization index of energy is expressed; and encoding the quantization index by using the selected encoding method.
… The present technology relates to an encoding apparatus and method, a decoding apparatus and method, and a program capable of improving encoding efficiency. 허프만 코드(이진코드)는 Unix에서 파일압축에 사용되고, JPEG 이미지 파일 또는 MP3 음악 파일을 압축하기 위한 서브루틴으로도 활용된다. 2. A Huffman encoder unit configured to store a first result value according … In the image compression encoding method according to the present invention, a pixel having the same pixel value as the current pixel value P1 among the comparison target pixels T in the search area that is spatially within a predetermined distance with respect to the current pixel P If present, the relative position value D1 of the pixel is encoded, but … A lossless coding method may include the steps of: selecting one of a first coding scheme and a second coding scheme on the basis of a range in which an energy quantization index is represented; and coding the quantization index by using the selected coding scheme. In-screen encoding is performed by entropy coding and … An image compression method is provided to remove redundancy at a transform stage maximumly by transmitting differences in correlation between a corresponding pixel and adjacent pixels. PURPOSE: A method for generating an encoding table for Korean character compression encoding and a method for Korean character compression encoding by using the same are provided to transmit a lot of Korean character data generated in case of data broadcasting by using a digital TV after compressing the Korean character data. KR100484137B1 - 개선된 허프만 디코딩 방법 및 장치 - Google CONSTITUTION: A DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform) unit(110) converts inputted … A multimedia data processing method and an apparatus thereof are provided to prevent deterioration of quality of a decoded image by preventing multimedia data loss as improving a compression ratio of the multimedia data. Adaptive Huffman 856 × 287; 45 KB. 보여주는 예제는 필자의 낮은 개발 능력으로 구현하였기 때문에 가장 좋은 방법이 아닐 수 있다. 허프만 부호와의 기본 개념은 각 단위 정보를 표현하는 비트 수를 단위 정보들의 출현 빈도를 … 본 발명은 가변 길이 복호기용 상태 제어기에 관한 것으로, 입력된 데이터를 상태 천이시켜 제어신호 및 다음 상태신호를 출력하는 제어부(50)와 ; 상기 제어부(50)에서 출력된 제어신호 및 다음 상태신호를 선택신호에 따라 선택하여 각각 출력하는 다중화기(60) 및; 상기 다중화기(60)에서 출력된 다음 . CONSTITUTION: 576 DCT spectrums from an MDCT portion are quantized using a step size obtained when coding a previous audio frame(S21). 영상을 색요소로 3개의 영상으로 나눈 후 다시 각각의 영상을 8x8블록으로 분할하여 이산 코사인 변환 한다.
CONSTITUTION: A DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform) unit(110) converts inputted … A multimedia data processing method and an apparatus thereof are provided to prevent deterioration of quality of a decoded image by preventing multimedia data loss as improving a compression ratio of the multimedia data. Adaptive Huffman 856 × 287; 45 KB. 보여주는 예제는 필자의 낮은 개발 능력으로 구현하였기 때문에 가장 좋은 방법이 아닐 수 있다. 허프만 부호와의 기본 개념은 각 단위 정보를 표현하는 비트 수를 단위 정보들의 출현 빈도를 … 본 발명은 가변 길이 복호기용 상태 제어기에 관한 것으로, 입력된 데이터를 상태 천이시켜 제어신호 및 다음 상태신호를 출력하는 제어부(50)와 ; 상기 제어부(50)에서 출력된 제어신호 및 다음 상태신호를 선택신호에 따라 선택하여 각각 출력하는 다중화기(60) 및; 상기 다중화기(60)에서 출력된 다음 . CONSTITUTION: 576 DCT spectrums from an MDCT portion are quantized using a step size obtained when coding a previous audio frame(S21). 영상을 색요소로 3개의 영상으로 나눈 후 다시 각각의 영상을 8x8블록으로 분할하여 이산 코사인 변환 한다.
WO2013058634A2 - Lossless energy encoding method and
2020 · 1. The present invention relates to a video encoding apparatus and method using a wavelet transform method, and converts an RGB signal, which is a video input signal, into a video compression target signal (YUV), and converts the converted video compression target signal of a predetermined size. The multimedia processor according to the present invention performs a Huffman encoding based on a first frame and a frame on which the first frame is filtered. Huffman encoder unit for storing a first result … 혼합 압축에는 허프만 코딩과 _____(을)를 이용하는 jpeg압축이 있다. For this purpose, the block motion detection circuit 1j detects the motion of the block. No information is lost in lossless compression.
허프만 부호화. The picture coding apparatus of the present invention includes the following configuration. Discrete cosine transform and quantization of multimedia data corresponding to an original image is performed. 개요 [편집] 허프만 코드 (Huffman's Code)는 허프만 알고리즘에 의해 생성된 최적 이진코드를 말한다. 다시 그 데이터를 양자화하여 허프만 코딩을 이용한다. 2.개벽 이
The variable length decoding apparatus stores variable length coded data and outputs the stored … The present invention relates to a multimedia processor and a method for reducing bus traffic of a multimedia processor. An image compression method includes the steps of obtaining differences between adjacent pixels with respect to an original image, and forming a cluster by … A Huffman decoding method and a recording medium storing a Huffman decoding program are provided to decrease the number of clock cycles by denormalizing pair mode symbols based on a limit bit flag, a sign bit flag, and a state flag. CONSTITUTION: A … PURPOSE: A compression and decompression method in a dictionary data structure implementation unit and an apparatus thereof are provided to prepare a separate compression and decompression space with only the small amount of main memories corresponding to a single KVP(Key-Value Pair) in a dictionary when referring to a … 본 발명은, 화질의 저하를 극력 억제하면서 발생 부호량을 제어할 수 있는 부호화 회로를 제공하는 것을 목적으로 한다. The binary image processing apparatus using the symbol pre-rearrangement method according to the present invention includes a symbol extracting unit for extracting symbols from an input binary image, a symbol matching unit … An object of the present invention is to improve the operation speed by reducing the code amount in an information processing apparatus that performs run length coding after DCT (discrete cosine transform) conversion. The variable length encoding method is a variable length encoding method for encoding respective predetermined unit data while referring to a parameter table, and includes the following steps. 허프만 복호화 방법을 수행하기 위해 디지털 처리 장치에 의해 실행될 수 있는 명령어의 프로그램이 유형적으로 구현되어 있으며, … An object of the present invention is to correctly decode data encoded by a variable length coding method having improved compression efficiency.
그러나 ‘ 데이비드 허프먼 ‘이 … 2021 · 허프만 압축의 경우 부호화 사전을 구성하는 방법은 크게 2가지가 있는데, 첫번째 방법은, 압축시 순환그룹 생성조건을 만족했을 때 1개 순환그룹 내에서의 심볼별-출현빈도 정보를 부호화사전에 저장하고, 압축해제 시에 … 2022 · A signal corresponding to a short period change and a signal corresponding to a long period change of the negative signal are detected, and an optimal quantization is performed based on a combination of these two signals. Lossless compression reduces bits by identifying and eliminating statistical redundancy. 허프만 부호화 방식은 각 단위정보를 표현하는 비트 수를 단위정보들의 … 2017 · [허프만 부호화] 는 통계적 중복성을 이용하여 데이터를 압축하는 방법의 하나 이다.) … PURPOSE: A method of determining a codebook, and a method and a device of encoding an audio signal are provided to minimize effects which influence the number of bits of an encode A method of decoding a bitstream encoded according to a Huffman coding tree of height H comprising: extracting a first codeword of H bits from the bitstream; modifying the codeword by shifting it by a first shift value; using this modified codeword to identify using at least a first data structure either a symbol or a second data structure having an associated second … 2006 · 제10항에 있어서, 상기 허프만 복호화 방법은 MP3 (MPEG1 Audio layer-3) 방식에 사용되는 것을 특징으로 하는 허프만 복호화 방법. 2020 · 허프만 코드(Huffman's Code)는 허프만 알고리즘에 의해 생성된 최적 이진코드를 말한다. CONSTITUTION: A differential motion vector generating unit(210) receives a motion … The present invention relates to a context analysis method and apparatus, and a context-based encoding method and apparatus using the same.
The present invention relates to a DNA storage encoding method, a source coding step of compressing raw input data, a step of randomizing the DNA base sequence so that the ratio of guanine to cytosine is within 50 ± α%, maximum repetition of the same base It includes the steps of substituting the randomized DNA sequence data so that the recovery is m or … An apparatus and a method for coding using bit-precision, and an apparatus and a method for decoding according to the same are provided to reduce the amount of calculation efficiently, by encoding the bit-precision and decoding the bit-precision in the reverse order. In the present … 전산학 과 정보 이론 에서 허프먼 부호화 (Huffman coding)는 무손실 압축 에 쓰이는 엔트로피 부호화 의 일종 으로, 데이터 문자의 등장 빈도에 따라서 다른 길이의 부호를 사용하는 알고리즘 이다. 허프만 부호화 또는 허프만 코딩(Huffman coding)은 입력 파일의 문자 빈도 수를 가지고 최소힙을 이용하여 파일을 압축하는 과정이다. The point sequence encoding method according to the present invention is one of (a) Exponential Golomb (EG) encoding or Fixed Length (FL) encoding scheme for a point … 2019 · Huffman coding(허프만 부호화)은 여러 원소들을 bit 표현으로 대응시키고 싶을 때, 효율적으로 대응시키기 위해서 빈도 기반으로 대응시키는 방식입니다. CONSTITUTION: An apparatus for coding digital audio includes an FFT(Fast … The present invention relates to a video signal encoding and / or decoding method using an adaptive lattice quantization technique. 2012 · Lower Power Data Encoding by Minimizing Switching Activity • 허프만 부호화 알고리즘에 의하여 발생된 압축률을 유지하면서 허프만코드를 재구성하여 스위칭 동작 횟수를 줄이는 방법 • 공통된 서브 시퀀스를 많이 갖는 서브 스트림에 그레이 코드와 같은 스위칭 횟수가 . 데이터를 더 작은 크기로 변환시키는 인코딩과 저장된 데이터를 다시 원래의 . A method for encoding audio signals … PURPOSE: A syntax-based adaptive arithmetic encoder and/or decoder using a locational probabilistic model and a high efficiency image encoder and/or decoder using the syntax-based adaptive arithmetic encoder and/or decoder are provided to improve the probability model by using the locational probabilistic model of an AC(Alternating Current) coefficient. The present invention relates to a digital audio encoding method, and in an encoding of digital audio including a quantization process through an inner and outer repeating loop, an inner repeating process of sequentially increasing a step size to match an available bit rate per frame. CONSTITUTION: The first multiplexor(302) selects an odd … 개선된 허프만 디코딩 방법 및 장치가 개시된다. · 허프만 부호화 코딩 허프만 부호화는 노드 만들기, 트리 만들기, 빈도수 체크 등 다양한 과정을 통해 만들게 된다. PURPOSE: A segmenting method of a variable-length code table, and a method and an apparatus of memory sharing for a multi codec using thereof are provided to efficiently use resources by sharing a memory space to store the variable-length code table. 쉬운 자동차 만들기 도안 Arbol de 1,420 × 490; 56 KB. CONSTITUTION: A broadcasting receiving apparatus … The fast variable length decoding apparatus can be used in a decoding system having a high signal processing frequency such as HDTV by independently generating the [run, level] symbols and the run length decoding operation for the [run, level] symbols. 문제 허프만(Huffman) 압축 알고리즘을 이용하여 ACABFEAFDE의 입력 문자를 압축하려고 한다. 467 × 412; 16 KB. Speech signal, and / or audio signal by converting the input audio or speech signal into a signal that includes a high frequency resolution and / or a high temporal resolution, determines and encodes and decodes the appropriate resolution, It is possible to … According to the present invention, a discrete cosine transform (hereinafter referred to as DCT) and quantized DCT coefficient values are composed of a coefficient value having a value of '0' and a coefficient value that is not immediately '0'. A lossless encoding apparatus comprises a second encoder module(210) including a first encoder(230) directly encoding a first … An apparatus and method for performing Huffman coding for encoding and decoding an audio signal are introduced. KR20070015790A - Computing circuits and method for
Arbol de 1,420 × 490; 56 KB. CONSTITUTION: A broadcasting receiving apparatus … The fast variable length decoding apparatus can be used in a decoding system having a high signal processing frequency such as HDTV by independently generating the [run, level] symbols and the run length decoding operation for the [run, level] symbols. 문제 허프만(Huffman) 압축 알고리즘을 이용하여 ACABFEAFDE의 입력 문자를 압축하려고 한다. 467 × 412; 16 KB. Speech signal, and / or audio signal by converting the input audio or speech signal into a signal that includes a high frequency resolution and / or a high temporal resolution, determines and encodes and decodes the appropriate resolution, It is possible to … According to the present invention, a discrete cosine transform (hereinafter referred to as DCT) and quantized DCT coefficient values are composed of a coefficient value having a value of '0' and a coefficient value that is not immediately '0'. A lossless encoding apparatus comprises a second encoder module(210) including a first encoder(230) directly encoding a first … An apparatus and method for performing Huffman coding for encoding and decoding an audio signal are introduced.
건물 등기부 등본 2015 · 허프만 부호화 방식은 압축 방식에 쓰이는 부호화 의 일종으로 무손실 압축에 쓰인다. 이 문제는 한국은행에서 공개한 전산학 기출 문제 중, 2010년 전산학술 문제이다. 21. Specifically, the average value of the luminance values is calculated for both blocks that are subject to the … Definitions of 허프만 코딩, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of 허프만 코딩, analogical dictionary of 허프만 코딩 (Korean) The present invention provides an audio encoding apparatus and an audio encoding method capable of appropriately selecting the length of a block while reducing the throughput. (알면 정말 좋지만 오늘은 아껴두겠다. For the vectors in each macroblock, … 2021 · 힙을 이용한 허프만 부호화 (텍스트 데이터 압축) 유니코드 문자는 1바이트씩 차지한다.
To this end, the above object can be solved by an encoding circuit configured to select and output either one of the first video signal having no reduced information … The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for efficiently encoding and decoding spatial information of a multi-channel audio signal. 무손실 압축 방법으로 이론의 기초는 빈도수가 많은 … 2021 · 허프만 트리. If a quantized value is … KR100532275B1 KR10-2002-0078669A KR20020078669A KR100532275B1 KR 100532275 B1 KR100532275 B1 KR 100532275B1 KR 20020078669 A KR20020078669 A KR 20020078669A KR 100532275 B1 KR100532275 B1 KR 100532275B1 Authority KR South Korea Prior art keywords image data value pixel position link data Prior art date 2002-12 … A method for encoding digital audio is provided to reduce the number of repetition of quantization loop in which non-linear quantization and Huffman encoding are performed. The following 36 files are in this category, out of 36 total. The binary image processing apparatus using the symbol pre-rearrangement method according to the present invention includes a symbol extracting unit for extracting symbols from an input binary image, a symbol matching unit constituting a … Process for making flexible polyurethane foams using MDI and TDI and a polyol composition comprising dispersed particulate material. Initialization … 데이터 부호화 및 복호화 방법과 장치 Download PDF Info Publication number KR101734515B1.
Disclosed are a method and apparatus for encoding / decoding using decision bits. 영상 부호화장치는 각 계층별로 양자화된 변환계수들을 그룹화하는 그룹화부; 상위계층에서부터 하위계층의 순서대로 상기 각 계층에 대응하는 그룹내 양자화된 변환계수 레벨값의 패턴을 부호화하는 패턴 부호화부; 및 … The present invention provides a computational method and a Huffman to increase the accuracy and efficiency of nonlinear dequantization when the MPEG-2 AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) or MPEG-4 AAC algorithm used as an audio compression algorithm in a multichannel high quality audio system is implemented in a programmable processor. To this end, the present invention includes an FFT unit for converting an audio signal into a spectrum of a frequency domain; A psychoacoustic unit for obtaining a … 2021 · 이름과 어렴풋한 트리와 0101101의 비트 나열만 기억나는 나. 2009 · 오늘은 무손실 압축의 대표적인 알고리즘인 허프만 알고리즘에 대해서 알아보겠습니다. It is about a line length encoder to make a two-dimensional symbol. A context analyzing unit(120) analyzes correlation between samples of data. KR20060032944A - Method and apparatus for coding point
허프만 부호화의 뜻 허프만 부호화를 위해서는 먼저 ① 각 기호의 빈도를 구하고, ② 기호를 확률순으로 정렬 한다. CONSTITUTION: An adaptive bit precision output unit(120) outputs the adaptive bit precision and the adaptive bit precision … 본 발명은 부호화부가 원본 데이터를 입력받는 입력단계; 상기 부호화부가 상기 원본 데이터에 포함된 각 심볼에 대응하는 복수의 유니버설 코드를 생성하는 단계; 및 상기 부호화부가 상기 복수의 유니버설 코드를 조합하여 부호화데이터를 생성하는 단계를 포함하되, 상기 유니버설 코드는 해당 . hongkyu 2009. 이 문제는 한국은행에서 공개한 전산학 기출 문제 중, 2010년 … A lossless encoding method may comprise the steps of: determining a lossless encoding mode of a quantization coefficient as one of a lossless coding mode with an infinite range and a lossless coding mode with a finite range; encoding the quantization coefficient in the lossless coding mode with the infinite range in response to a result of determining the … Introducing an apparatus and method for performing Huffman coding for encoding and decoding audio signals. The audio encoding method according to one type of the present invention includes: Coupling a sinusoidal wave of the audio signal to be … The present invention is capable of switching between lossless coding emphasizing compatibility with the raw coding process and lossless coding emphasizing compression efficiency. An apparatus for coding using bit-precision comprises a data input unit(70), a bit … 2010 · 허프만 알고리즘은 입력 기호를 리프 노드로 하는 이진 트리를 만들어서 접두 부호를 만들어 내는 알고리즘이다.연예인 가슴
The present invention proposes a method and apparatus for selective encoding / decoding for point sequences in order to maximize bit efficiency of LASeR binary representation. . A pair of symbols having first and second normalized symbols are obtained from a codeword of an input bit stream by … 이진영상 압축장치 및 방법이 개시된다. PURPOSE: A digital audio coding method is provided to reduce a calculation amount and improve the quality of sound by reducing an iterated number of a loop necessary for MP-3 encoding. A quantization loop performing process in a method for encoding digital audio includes the steps of: receiving the number of used bits and the size of early quant(300); non-linear … Provided is a data compressing method using Huffman coding as a method for compressing data regarding arbitrary binary numeral data. 그렇기에 해당 코드와 Github에 .
MPEG 의 기본 압축 알고리즘으로도 쓰이고 있고 우리가 자주 사용하는 알집 역시 허프만 알고리즘으로 한번 압축한후 Lempel 이라는 간단한 압축알고리즘으로 한번 더 압축하는 프로세스라고 하니 허프만 알고리즘은 그 효율을 인정. 사전 연구 2. CONSTITUTION: An image signal converter(10) converts an … PURPOSE: A method and an apparatus for intra mode coding are provided to determine flexibly a priority of intra mode of a current block according to intra modes of surrounding blocks adjacent to the current block considering spatial correlation in the intra mode coding, and perform Huffman coding of the intra mode of the current block according to the … 연속 데이터의 압축 장치 및 방법이 개시된다. 본 발명은 줄길이 부호화된 비트 스트림을 수신하여 런값에 해당하는 제로를 발생한 후 레벨값과 함께 순차적으로 제공하기 위한 줄길이 복호기(run length decoder)에 관한 것이다. The power calculator 402 calculates the power change ratio from the input signal, the predicted gain change ratio calculator 406 calculates the predicted gain change ratio from the input … The present invention relates to a multimedia processor and a deinterlacing method of a multimedia processor. In signal processing, data compression, source coding, or bit-rate reduction is the process of encoding information using fewer bits than the original representation.
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